Eusebius Book 7, Section 25

7.25.1

XXV. Εἶθ’ ἑξῆς ὑποβάς, περὶ τῆς Ἀποκκαλύψεως Ἰωάννου ταῦτά φησιν· “τινὲς μὲν οὖν τῶν πρὸ ἡμῶν ἠθέτησαν καὶ ἀνεσκεύασαν πάντη τὸ βιβλίον, καθ’ ἕκαστον κεφάλαιον διευθύνοντες ἄγνωστόν τε καὶ ἀσυλλόγιστον ἀποφαίνοντες ψεύδεσθαί τε τὴν ἐπιγραφήν. Ἰωάννου γὰρ οὐκ εἶναι λέγουσιν, ἀλλ’ οὐδ’ ἀποκάλυφιν εἶναι τὴν σφόδρα καὶ παχεῖ κεκαλυμμένην τῷ τῆς ἀγνοίας παραπετάσματι, καὶ οὐχ ὅπως τῶν ἀποστόλων τινά, ἀλλ’ οὐδ’ ὅλως τῶν ἁγίων ἢ τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας τούτου γεγονέναι ποιητὴν τοῦ γράμματος, Κήρινθον δὲ τὸν καὶ τὴν ἀπ’ ἐκείνου κληθεῖσαν Κηρινθιανὴν συστησάμενον αἵρεσιν, ἀξιόπιστον ἐπιφημίσαι θελήσαντα τῷ ἑαυτοῦ πλάσματι ὄνομα. τοῦτο γὰρ εἶναι τῆς διδασκαλίας αὐτοῦ τὸ δόγμα, ἐπίγειον ἔσεσθαι τὴν τοῦ χριστοῦ βασιλείαν, καὶ ὧν αὐτὸς ὠρέγετο, φιλοσώματος ὢν καὶ πάνυ σαρκικός, ἐν τούτοις ὀνειροπολεῖν ἔσεσθαι, γαστρὸς καὶ τῶν ὑπὸ γαστέρα πλησμοναῖς, τοῦτ' ἐστὶ αἰτίοις καὶ ποτοῖς καὶ γάμοις καὶ δι’ ὧν εὐφημότερον ταῦτα ᾠήθη ποριεῖσθαι, ἑορταῖς καὶ θυσίαις καὶ ἱερείων σφαγαῖς. ἐγὼ δὲ ἀθετῆσαι μὲν οὐκ ἂν τολμήσαι τὸ βιβλίον, πολλῶν αὐτὸ διὰ σπουδῆς ἐχόντων ἀδελφῶν, μείζονα δὲ τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ φρονήσεως τὴν ὑπόληφιν τὴν περὶ αὐτοῦ λαμβάνων, κεκρυμμένην εἶναί τινα καὶ θαυμασιωτέραν τὴν καθ’ ἕκαστον ἐκδοχὴν ὑπολαμβάνω. καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὴ συνίημι, ἀλλ’ ὑπονοῶ γε νοῦν τινα βαθύτερον ἐγκεῖσθαι τοῖς ῥήμασιν, οὐκ ἰδίῳ ταῦτα μετρῶν καὶ κρίνων λογισμῷ, πίστει δὲ τὸ πλέον νέμων ὑψηλότερα ἢ ὐπ’ ἐμοῦ καταληφθῆναι νενόμικα, καὶ οὐκ ἀποδοκιμάζω ταῦτα ἃ μὴ συνεώρακα, θαυμάξω δὲ μᾶλλον ὅτι μὴ καὶ εἶδον.

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XXV. Then, in due course, lower down he speaks thus, with reference to the Apocalypse of John: “Some indeed of those before our time rejected altogether and impugned the book, examining it chapter by chapter and declaring it to be unintelligible and illogical, and its title false. For they say that it is not John's, no, nor yet an apocalypse (unveiling), since it is veiled by its heavy, thick curtain of unintelligibility; and that the author of this book was not only not one of the apostles, nor even one of the saints or those belonging to the church, but Cerinthus, the same who created the sect called “Cerinthian” after him, since he desired to affix to his own forgery a name worthy of credit. For that this was the doctrine which he taught, that the kingdom of Christ would be on earth; and he dreamed that it would consist in those things which formed the object of his own desires (for he was a lover of the body and altogether carnal), in the full satisfaction of the belly and lower lusts, that is, in feasts and carousals and marriages, and (as a means, he thought, of procuring these, under a better name) in festivals and sacrifices and slayings of victims. But for my part I should not dare to reject the book, since many of my brethren hold it in esteem; but, reckoning that my perception is inadequate to form an opinion concerning it, I hold what the interpretation of each several passage is in some way hidden and more wonderful. For even although I do not understand it, yet I suspect that some deeper meaning underlies the words. For I do not measure and judge these things by my own reasoning, but, assigning to faith the greater value, I have come to the conclusion that they are too high for my comprehension, and I do not reject what I have not understood, but I rather wonder that I did not indeed see them.”

7.25.2

Ἑπὶ τούτοις τὴν ὅλην τῆς Ἀποκαλύψεως βασανίσας γραφὴν ἀδύνατόν τε αὐτὴν κατὰ τὴν πρόχειρον ἀποδείξας νοεῖσθαι διάνοιαν, ἐπιφέρει λέγων· “συντελέσας δὴ πᾶσαν ὡς εἰπεῖν τὴν προφητείαν, μακαρίζει ὁ προφήτης τούς τε προφητείαν, αὐτὴν καὶ δὴ καὶ ἑαυτόν. ‘μακάριος’ φησιν ‘ὁ τηρῶν τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου κἀγὼ Ἰωάννης ὁ βλέπων καὶ ἀκούων ταῦτα.’ καλεῖσθαι μὲν οὖν αὐτὸν Ἰωάννην καὶ εἶναι τὴν γραφὴν Ἰωάννου ταύτην οὐκ ἀντερῶ, ἁγίου μὲν γὰρ εἶναί τινος καὶ θεοπνεύστου συναινῶ· οὐ μὴν ῥᾳδίως ἂν συνθείμην τοῦτον εἶναι τὸν ἀπόστολον, τὸν υἱὸν Ζεβεδαίου, τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰακώβου, οὗ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τὸ κατὰ Ιωάννην ἐπιγεγραμμένον καὶ ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ἡ καθολική. γὰρ ἔκ τε τοῦ ἤθους ἑκατέρων καὶ τοῦ τῶν λόγων εἴδους καὶ τῆς τοῦ βιβλίου διεξαγωγῆς λεγομένης, μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι. ὁ μὲν γὰρ εὐαγγελιστὴς οὐδαμοῦ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ παρεγγράφει οὐδὲ κηρύσσει ἑαυτὸν οὔτε διὰ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου διὰ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς.’’ Εἶθ' ὑποβάς, πάλιν ταῦτα λέγει· “Ἰωάννης δὲ οὐδαμοῦ, οὐδὲ ὡς περὶ ἑαυτοῦ οὐδὲ ὡς περὶ ἑτέρου· ὁ δὲ τὴν Ἀποκάλυψιν γραφὰς εὐθύς τε ἐν ἀρχῇ ἑαυτὸν προτάσσει ἴ’ Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἢν ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ δεῖξαι τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦ ἐν τάχει, καὶ ἐσήμανεν ἀποστείλας διὰ τοῦ ἀγγέλου αὐτοῦ τῷ δούλῳ αὐτοῦ Ἰωάννῃ, ὃς ἐμαρτύρησεν τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν αὐτοῦ, ὅσα εἶδεν᾿. εἶτα καὶ ἐπιστολὴν γράφει· Ἰωάννης ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἐκκΛησίαις ταῖς ἐν τῆ Ἀσίᾳ, χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη.’ ὁ δέ γε εὐαγγελιστὴς οὐδὲ τῆς καθολικῆς ἐπιστολῆς προέγραφεν ἑαυτοῦ τὸ ὄνομα, ἀλλὰ ἀπερίττως ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ τοῦ μυστηρίου τῆς θείας ἀποκαλύψεως ἤρξατο· ἴ’ ὃ ἦν ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς, ὃ ἀκηκόαμεν, δ’ ἑωράκαμεν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν᾿. ἐπὶ ταύτῃ γὰρ τῇ ἀποκαλύψει καὶ ὁ κύριος τὸν Πέτρον ἐμακάρισεν, εἰπών· μακάριος εἰ Σίμων βὰρ Ἴω ὅτι ὅτι καὶ αἷμα οὐκ ἀπεκάλυψέν ἀοῖ, ἀλλ’ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος.’ ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ ἐν τῆ δευτέρᾳ φερομένῃ Ἰωάννου καὶ τρίτῃ, καίτοι βραχείαις οὔσαις ἐπιστολαῖς, ὁ Ἰωάννης ὀνομαστὶ πρόκειται, ἀλλὰ ἀνωνύμως ἴ’ ὁ πρεσβύτερος γέγραπται. οὗτος δὲ γέγραπται. οὕτος ’δε γε οὐδὲ αὔταρκες ἐνόμισεν, εἰς ἅπαξ ἑαυτὸν ὀνομάσας διηγεῖσθαι τὰ ἑξῆς, ἀλλὰ πάλιν ἀναλαμβάνει ἴ’ ἐγὼ Ἰωάννης, ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὑμῶν καὶ συγκοινωνὸς ἐν τῇ θλίψει καὶ βασιλείᾳ καὶ ἐν ὑπομονῇ Ἰησοῦ, ἐγενόμην ἐν τῇ νήσῳ τῆ καλουμένῃ Πάτμῳ διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ.᾿ καὶ δὴ καὶ πρὸς τῷ τέλει ταῦτα εἶπεν· ἴ’ μακάριος ὁ τηρῶν τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου κἀγὼ Ἰωάννης ὁ βλέπων καὶ ἀκούων ταῦτα.’ “Ὅτι μὲν οὖν Ἰωάννης ἐστὶν ὁ ταῦτα γράφων, αὐτῷ λέγοντι πιστευτέον· ποῖος δὲ οὗτος, ἄδηλον. οὐ γὰρ εμεν ἑαυτὸν εἶναι, ὡς ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ πολλαχοῦ, τὸν ἠγαπημένον ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου μαθητὴν οὐδὲ τὸν ἀναπεσόντα ἐπὶ τὸ στῆθος αὐτοῦ οὐδὲ ἀδελφὸν Ἰακώβου οὐδὲ τὸν αὐτόπτην καὶ αὐτήκοον τοῦ κυρίου γενόμενον. εἶπεν γὰρ ἄν τι τούτων τῶν προδεδηλωμένων, σαφῶς ἑαυτὸν ἐμφανίσαι βουλόμενος· ἀλλὰ τούτων μὲν οὐδέν, ἀδελφὸν δὲ ἡμῶν καὶ συγκοινωνὸν εἶπεν καὶ μάρτυρα Ἰησοῦ καὶ μακάριον ἐπὶ τῆ θέᾳ καὶ ἀκοῇ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων. πολλοὺς δὲ ὁμωνύμους Ἰωάννῃ τῷ ἀποστόλῳ νομίζω γεγονέναι, οἳ διὰ τὴν πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ἀγάπην καὶ τῷ θαυμάζειν καὶ ζηλοῦν ἀγαπηθῆναί τε ὁμοίως αὐτῷ βούλεσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου, καὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν τὴν ἀυτὴν ησπασαντο, ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος πολὺς καὶ δὴ καὶ ὁ Πέτρος ἐν τοῖς τῶν πιστῶν παισὶν ὀνομάζεται. ἔστιν μὲν οὖν καὶ ἕτερος Ἰωάννης ἐν ταῖς Πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων, ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Μάρκος, ὃν Βαρνάβας καὶ Παῦλος ἑαυτοῖς συμπαρέλαβον, περὶ οὗ καὶ πάλιν λέγει ἴ’ εἶχον δὲ καὶ Ἰωάννην ὑπηρέτην. εἰ δὲ οὗτος ὁ γραφὰς ἐστίν, οὐκ ἂν φαίην· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀφῖχθαι σὺν αὐτοῖς εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν γέγραπται, ἀλλὰ ἀναχθέντες μέν,’ φησίν, ἀπὸ τῆς οἱ περὶ τὸν Παῦλον ἦλθον εἰς Πέργην τῆς Παμφυλίας, Ἰωάννης δὲ ἀποχωρήσας ἀπ’ αὐτῶν ὑπέστρεφεν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα’· ἄλλον δέ τινα ὄψαι τῶν ἐν Ἀσίᾳ γενομένων, ἐπεὶ καὶ δύο φασὶν ἐν Ἐφέσω γενέσθαι μνήματα καὶ ἑκάτερον Ἰωάννου λέγεσθαι.

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Moreover, after closely examining the whole book of the Apocalypse and demonstrating that it cannot be understood in the literal sense, he adds as follows: “After completing the whole, one might say, of his prophecy, the prophet calls those blessed who observe it, and indeed himself also; for he says: ‘Blessed is he that keepeth the words of the prophecy of this book, and I John, he that saw and heard these things.’ That then he was certainly named John, and that this book is by one John, I will not gainsay; for I fully allow that it is the work of some holy and inspired person. But I should not readily agree that he was the apostle, the son of Zebedee, the brother of James, whose are the Gospel entitled According to John and the Catholic Epistle. For I form my judgement from the character of each and from the nature of the language and from what is known as the general construction of the book, that the John therein mentioned is not the same. For the evangelist nowhere adds his name, nor yet proclaims himself, throughout either the Gospel or the Epistle.”

7.25.3

“καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν νοημάτων δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν τῶν ῥημάτων καὶ τῆς συντάξεως αὐτῶν εἰκότως ἕτερος οὗτος παρ’ ἐκεῖνον ὑποληφθήσεται. συνᾴδουσι μὲν γὰρ ἀλλήλοις τὸ εὐαγγέλιον καὶ ἢ ἐπιστολή, ὁμοίως τε ἄρχονται· τὸ μέν φησιν ἴ’ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἢν ὁ λόγος,’ ἢ δὲ ἴ’ ὃ ἢν ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς’ τὸ μέν φησιν ‘καὶ ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο καὶ ἐσκήνωσεν ἐν ἡμῖν καὶ ἐθεασάμεθα τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς μονογενοῦς παρὰ πατρός,’ ἢ δὲ τὰ αὐτὰ σμικρῷ παρηλλαγμένα δ’ ἀκηκόαμεν, ὃ ἑωράκαμεν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν, δ’ ἐθεασάμεθα καὶ αἱ χεῖρες ἡμῶν ἐψηλάφησαν, περὶ τοῦ λόγου τῆς ζωῆς καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἐφανερώθη.’ ταῦτα γὰρ προανακρούεται, διατεινόμενος, ὡς ἐν τοῖς ἑξῆς ἐδήλωσεν, πρὸς τοὺς οὐκ ἐν φάσκοντας φάσκοντας ἐληλυθέναι τὸν κύριον· δι’ ἃ καὶ συνῆψεν ἐπιμελῶς ‘καὶ δ’ ἑωράκαμεν, μαρτυροῦμεν καὶ ἀπαγγέλλομεν ὑμῖν τὴν ζωὴν τὴν αἰώνιον, ἥτις ἢν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα καὶ ἐφανερώθη ἡμὶν· δ’ ἑωράκαμεν καὶ ἀκηκόαμεν, ἀπαγγέλλομεν καὶ ὑμῖν.᾿ ἔχεται αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν προθέσεων οὐκ ἀφίσταται, διὰ δὲ τῶν αὐτῶν κεφαλαίων καὶ ὀνομάτων πάντα διεξέρχεται· ὧν τινὰ μὲν ἡμεῖς συντόμως ὑπομνήσομεν, ὁ δὲ προσεχῶς ἐντυγχάνων εὑρήσει ἐν ἑκατέρῳ πολλὴν τὴν ζωήν, πολὺ τὸ φῶς ἀποτροπὴν τοῦ σκότους, συνεχῆ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τὴν χάριν τὴν χαρὰν τὴν σάρκα καὶ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ κυρίου τὴν κρίσιν τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ τὴν πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἡμᾶς ἀγάπης ἐντολήν, ὡς πάσας δεῖ φυλάττειν τὰς ἐντολάς· ὁ ἔλεγχος τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ διαβόλου τοῦ ἀντιχρίστου ἡ ἐπαγγελία τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος ἡ υἱοθεσία τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ διόλου πίστις ἡμῶν ἀπαιτουμένη ὁ πατὴρ καὶ ὁ υἱός, πανταχοῦ· καὶ ὅλως διὰ πάντων χαρακτηρίζοντας ἕνα καἰ τὸν αὐτὸν συνορᾶν τοῦ τε εὐαγγελίου καὶ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς χρῶτα πρόκειται. ἀλλοιοτάτη δὲ καὶ ξένη παρὰ ταῦτα ἡ Ἀποκάλυψις, μήτε ἐφαπτομένη μήτε γειτνιῶσα τούτων μηδενί, σχεδόν, ὡς εἰπεῖν, μηδὲ συλλαβὴν πρὸς αὐτὰ κοινὴν ἔχουσα· ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ μνήμην τινὰ οὐδὲ ἔννοιαν οὔτε ἢ ἐπιστολὴ τῆς ’Αποκαλύφεως ἔχει ἔα γὰρ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον) οὔτε τῆς ἐπιστολῆς ἡ ’Αποκάλυφις, Παύλου διὰ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν ὑποφήναντός τι καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων αὐτοῦ, ἃς οὐκ ἐνέγραφεν καθ’ αὑτάς.

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Then lower down he again speaks thus: “. . . But John nowhere, either in the first or the third person. But he who wrote the Apocalypse at the very beginning puts himself forward: ‘The Revelation of Jesus Christ, which he gave him to show unto his servants quickly, and he sent and signified it by his angel unto his servant John; who bare witness of the word of God and his testimony, even of all things that he saw.’ Then he also writes an epistle: ‘John to the seven churches which are in Asia; Grace to you and peace.’ But the evangelist did not write thus even at the beginning of the Catholic Epistle, but without anything superfluous began with the mystery itself of the divine revelation: ‘That which was from the beginning, that which we have heard, that which we have seen with our eyes.’ It was in respect of this revelation that the Lord called Peter, saying: ‘Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-Jonah: flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my heavenly Father.’ Nay, not even in the second or third extant epistles of John, although they are short, is John set forth by name; but he has written ‘the elder,’ without giving his name. But this writer did not even consider it sufficient, having once mentioned his name, to narrate what follows, but he takes up his name again: ‘I John, your brother and partaker with you in the tribulation and kingdom and in the patience of Jesus, was in the isle that is called Patmos for the word of God and the testimony of Jesus.’ Moreover at the close he speaks thus: ‘Blessed is he that keepeth the words of the prophecy of this book, and I John, he that saw and heard these things.’

7.25.4

“ Ἔτι δὲ καὶ διὰ τῆς φράσεως τὴν διαφορὰν ἔστιν τεκμήρασθαι τοῦ εὐαγγελίου καὶ τῆς ἐπιστολῆς τὴν Ἀποκάλυψιν. τὰ μὲν γὰρ οὐ μόνον ἀπταίστωφς κατὰ τὴν τῶν Ἑλλήνων φωνήν, ἀλλὰ καὶ λογιώτατα ταῖς λέξεσιν τοῖς αυλλογισμοῖς ταῖς συντάξεσιν τῆς ἑρμηνείας γέγραπται, πολλοῦ γε δεῖ βάρβαρόν τινα φθόγγον ἢ σολοικισμὸν ἢ ὅλως ἰδιωτισμὸν ἐν αὐτοῖς εὑρεθῆναι· ἑκάτερον γὰρ εἶχεν, ὡς ἔοικεν, τὸν λόγον, ἀμφοτέρους αὐτῷ χαρισαμένου τοῦ κυρίου, τόν τε τῆς γνώσεως τόν τε τῆς φράσεως· τούτῳ δὲ ἀποκαλύψεις μὲν ἑωρακέναι καὶ γνῶσιν εἰληφέναι καὶ προφητείαν οὐκ ἀντερῶ, διάλεκτον μέντοι καὶ γλῶσσαν οὐκ ἀκριβῶς ἑλληνίζουσαν αὐτοῦ βλέπω, ἀλλ’ ἰδιώμασίν τε βαρβαρικοῖς χρώμενον καί που καὶ σολοικίζοντα· ἅπερ οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον νῦν ἐκλέγειν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπισκώπτων μή τις νομίσῃ) ταῦτα εἶπον, ἀλλὰ μόνον τὴν ἀνομοιότητα διευθύνων τούτων τῶν γραφῶν."

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That the writer of these words, therefore, was John, one must believe, since he says it. But what John is not clear. For he did not say that he was, as is frequently said in the Gospel, the disciple loved by the Lord, nor he who leaned back on His breast, nor the brother of James, nor the eye-witness and hearer of the Lord. For he would have mentioned some one of these aforesaid epithets, had he wished to make himself clearly known. Yet he makes use of none of them, but speaks of himself as our brother and partaker with us, and a witness of Jesus, and blessed in seeing and hearing the revelations. I hold that there have been many persons of the same name as John the apostle, who, for the love they bore him, and because they admired and esteemed him and wished to be loved, as he was, of the Lord, were glad to take also the same name after him; just as Paul, and for that matter Peter too, is a common name among boys of believing parents. So then, there is also another John in the Acts of the Apostles, whose surname was Mark, whom Barnabas and Paul took with themselves, concerning whom also the scripture says again: “And they had also John as their attendant.” But as to whether it were he who was the writer, I should say No. For it is written that he did not arrive in Asia along with them, but having set sail, the Scripture says, from Paphos Paul and his company came to Perga in Pamphylia; and John departed from them and returned to Jerusalem.” But I think that there was a certain other [John] among those that were in Asia, since it is said both that there were two tombs at Ephesus, and that each of the two is said to be John’s.