Passages /
Book 9 /
Section 9
9.9.1
ΙXΑ. “ Ἱόβιος Μαξιμῖνος Σεβαστὸς Σαβίνῳ. καὶ παρὰ τῇ σῇ ατιβαρότητι καὶ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις φανερὸν εἶναι πέποιθα τοὺς δεσπότας ἡμῶν Διοκλητιανὸν καὶ Μαξιμιανόν, τοὺς ἡμετέρους πατέρας, ἡνίκα συνεῖδον σχεδὸν ἅπαντας ἀνθρώπους καταλειφθείσης τῆς τῶν θεῶν θρῃσκείας τῷ ἔθνει τῶν Χριστιανῶν ἑαυτοὺς ὀρθῶς διατεταχέναι πάντας ἀνθρώπους τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν αὐτῶν θεῶν τῶν ἀθανάτων θρῃσκείας ἀναχωρήσαντας προδήλῳ κολάσει καὶ τιμωρίᾳ εἰς τὴν θρησκείαν τῶν θεῶν ἀνακληθῆναι. ἀλλ’ ὅτε ἐγὼ εὐτυχῶς τὸ πρῶτον εἰς τὴν ἀνατολὴν παρεγενόμην καὶ ἔγνων εἴς τινας τόπους πλείστους τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὰ δημόσια ὠφελεῖν δυναμένους ὑπὸ τῶν δικαστῶν διὰ τὴν προειρημένην αἰτίαν ἐξορίζεσθαι, ἑκάστῳ τῶν δικαστῶν ἐντολὰς δέδωκα ὥστε μηδένα τούτων τοῦ λοιποῦ προσφέρεσθαι τοῖς ἐπαρχιώταις ἀπηνῶς, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον κολακείᾳ καὶ προτροπαῖς πρὸς τὴν τῶν θεῶν θρῃσκείαν αὐτοὺς ἀνακαλεῖν. τηνικαῦτα οὖν, ὅτε ἀκολούθως τῇ κελεύσει τῆ ἐμῇ ὑπὸ τῶν δικαστῶν ἐφυλάττετο τὰ προστεταγμένα, συνέβαινεν μηδένα ἐκ τῶν τῆς ἀνατολῆς μερῶν μήτε ἐξόριστον μήτε ἐνύβριστον γίνεσθαι, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον ἐκ τοῦ μὴ βαρέως κατ’ αὐτῶν τι γίνεσθαι εἰς τὴν τῶν θεῶν θρησκείαν ἀνακεκλῆσθαι· μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα, ὅτε τῷ παρελθόντι ἐνιαυτῷ εὐτυχῶς ἐπέβην εἰς τὴν Νικομήδειαν κἀκεῖ διετέλουν, παρεγένοντο πολῖται τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως πρός με ἅμα μετὰ τῶν ξοάνων τῶν θεῶν μειζόνως δεόμενοι ἵνα παντὶ τρόπῳ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔθνος μηδαμῶς ἐπιτρέποιτο ἐν τῆ αὐτῶν πατρίδι οἰκεῖν. ἀλλ’ ὅτε ἔγνων πλείστους τῆς αὐτῆς θρῃσκείας ἄνδρας ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς μέρεσιν οἰκεῖν, οὕτως αὐτοῖς τὰς ἀποκρίσεις ἀπένεμον ὅτι τῆ μὲν αἰτήσει αὐτῶν ἀσμένως χάριν ἔσχηκα, ἀλλ’ οὐ παρὰ πάντων τοῦτο αἰτηθὲν κατεῖδον· εἰ μὲν οὖν τινες εἶεν τῇ αὐτὴ δεισιδαιμονίᾳ διαμένοντες, οὕτως ἕνα ἕκαστον ἐν τῆ ἰδίᾳ προαιρέσει τὴν βούλησιν ἔχειν καὶ εἰ βούλοιντο, τὴν τῶν θεῶν θρησκείαν ἐπιγινώσκειν. ὅμως καὶ τοῖς τῆς αὐτῆς πόλεως Νικομηδεῦσιν καὶ ταῖς λοιπαῖς πόλεσιν, αἳ καὶ αὐταὶ εἰς τοσοῦτον τὴν ὁμοίαν αἴτησιν περισπουδάστως πρός με πεποιήκασιν, δηλονότι ἵνα μηδεὶς τῶν χριστιανῶν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἐνοικοίη, ἀνάγκην ἔσχον προσφιλῶς αὐτοκράτορες ὅτι αὐτὸ τοῦτο καὶ οἱ ἀρχαῖοι αὐτοκράτορες πάντες διεφύλαξαν καὶ αὐτοῖς τοῖς θεοῖς, δι’ οὓς πάντες ἄνθρωποι καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ τῶν δημοσίων διοίκησις συνίσταται, ἤρεσεν [οὖν] ὥστε τὴν τοσαύτην αἴτησιν, ἢν ὑπὲρ τῆς θρῃσκείας τοῦ θείου αὐτῶν ἀναφέρουσιν, βεβαιώσαιμι.
AI English cleanup, gpt-5.4-mini, 2026-05-28
IX. Thus in truth Constantine, who, as aforesaid, was Emperor and sprung from an Emperor, pious and sprung from a most pious and in every respect most prudent father, and Licinius, who ranked next to him—both honoured for their piety—were stirred up by the King of the universe and Saviour, two men beloved of God, against the two most impious tyrants; and when war was formally engaged, God proved their ally in the most wonderful manner, and Maxentius fell at Rome at the hands of Constantine; while he of the East did not long survive him, for he too perished by a most disgraceful death at the hands of Licinius, who had not yet become mad.
9.9.2
“Τοιγαροῦν εἰ καὶ τὰ μάλιστα καὶ τῇ σῇ καθοσιώσει πρὸ τούτου τοῦ χρόνου διὰ γραμμάτων ἐπέσταλται καὶ δι’ ἐντολῶν ὁμοίως κεκέλευσται ἵνα μὴ κατὰ τῶν ἐπαρχιωτῶν τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔθος διαφυλάξαι ἐπιμεληθέντων μηδὲν τραχέως, ἀλλὰ ἀνεξικάκως καὶ συμμέτρως συμπεριφέροιντο αὐτοῖς, ὅμως ἵνα μήτε ὑπὸ τῶν βενεφικιαρίων μήτε ὑπ’ ἄλλων τῶν τυχόντων ὕβρεις μήτε σεισμοὺς ὑπομένοιεν, ἀκόλουθον ἐνόμισα καὶ τούμνῆσαι τοῖς γράμμασιν τὴν σὴν στιβαρότητα ὑπομνῆσαι ὅπως ταῖς κολακείαις καὶ ταῖς προτροπαῖς μᾶλλον τὴν τῶν θεῶν ἐπιμέλειαν τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἐπαρχιώτας ποιήσειας ἐπιγινώσκειν· ὅθεν εἴ τις τῇ αὐτοῦ προαιρέσει τὴν θρῃσκείαν τῶν θεῶν ἐπιγνωστέον προσλάβοι, τούτους ὑποδέχεσθαι προσήκει· εἰ δέ τινες τῆ ἰδίᾳ θρησκείᾳ ἀκολουθεῖν βούλοιντο, ἐν τῇ αὐτῶν ἐξουσίᾳ καταλείποις. διόπερ ἡ σὴ καθοσίωσις τὸ ἐπιτραπέν σοι διαφυλάττειν ὀφείλει, καὶ μηδενὶ ἐξουσία δοθῇ δοθῇ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἐπαρχιώτας ὕβρεσι καὶ σεισμοῖς ἐπιτρῖψαι, ὁπότε, ὥσπερ προγέγραπται, ταῖς προτροπαῖς μᾶλλον καὶ ταῖς κολακείαις πρὸς τὴν τῶν θεῶν θρησκείαν τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἐπαρχιώτας προσήκει ἀνακαλεῖν. ἵνα δὲ αὕτη ἡμῶν ἡ κέλευσις εἰς γνῶσιν πάντων τῶν ἐπαρχιωτῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων ἔλθῃ, διατάγματι ὑπὸ σοῦ προτεθέντι τὸ κεκελευσμένον ὀφείλεις δηλῶσαι.”
AI English cleanup, gpt-5.4-mini, 2026-05-28
But to resume. Constantine, the superior of the emperors in rank and dignity, was the first to take pity on those subjected to tyranny at Rome; and, calling in prayer upon God who is in heaven, and His Word, even Jesus Christ the Saviour of all, as his ally, he advanced in full force, seeking to secure for the Romans their ancestral liberty. Maxentius, to be sure, put his trust rather in devices of magic than in the goodwill of his subjects, and in truth did not dare to advance even beyond the city’s gates, but with an innumerable multitude of heavy-armed soldiers and countless bodies of legionaries secured every place and district and city that had been reduced to slavery by him in the environs of Rome and in all Italy. The Emperor, closely relying on the help that comes from God, attacked the first, second and third of the tyrant's armies, and, capturing them with ease, advanced over a large part of Italy, actually coming very near to Rome itself. Then, that he might not be compelled because of the tyrant to fight against Romans, God Himself as if with chains dragged the tyrant far away from the gates; and those things which were inscribed long ago in the sacred books against wicked men—to which as myth very many gave no faith, yet were they worthy of faith to the faithful—now by their very fulfilment were found true, in a word, with all, faithful and faithless, who had the miracle before their eyes. As, for example, in the days of Moses himself and the ancient and godly race of the Hebrews, “Pharaoh’s chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea, his chosen horsemen, even captains, they were sunk in the Red Sea, the deep covered them”; in the same way also Maxentius and the armed soldiers and guards around him “went down into the depths like a stone,” he turned his back before the God-sent power that was with Constantine, and was crossing the river that lay in his path, which he himself had bridged right well by joining of boats, and so formed into an engine of destruction against himself. Wherefore one might say: “He hath made a pit, and digged it, and shall fall into the ditch which he made. His work shall return upon his own head, and his wickedness shall come down upon his own pate.”
9.9.3
Tαῦθ᾿ ὑπὸ τῆς ἀνάγκης ἐκβεβιασμένος, ἀλλ’ οὐ κατὰ γνώμην τὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκβεβιασμένος, οὐκέτ’ ἀληθὴς οὐδ’ ἀξιόπιστος παρὰ τοῖς πᾶσιν ἢν τῆς πρόσθεν ἤδη μετὰ τὴν ὁμοίαν συγχώρησιν παλιμβόλου καὶ διεψευσμένης αὐτοῦ γνώμης ἕνεκα. οὔκουν ἐτόλμα τις τῶν ἡμετέρων σύνοδον συγκροτεῖν οὐδ’ ἑαυτὸν ἐν φανερῷ καταστήσασθαι, ὅτι μηδὲ τοῦτ’ ἤθελεν αὐτῷ τὸ γράμμα, αὐτὸ μόνον τὸ ἀνεπηρέαστον ἡμῖν ἐπιτρέπον φυλάττεσθαι, οὐ μὴν συνόδους ἐπικελεῦον ποιεῖσθαι οὐδ’ οἴκους ἐκκλησιῶν οἰκοδομεῖν οὐδ’ ἄλλο τι τῶν ἡμῖν συνήθων διαπράττεσθαι. καίτοι γε ταῦθ’ οἱ τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ εὐσεβείας προήγοροι αὐτῷ τε ἐπιτρέπειν ἐπεστάλκεσαν καὶ τοῖς ὑπ’ αὐτοὺς ἅπασιν διὰ προγραμμάτων καὶ νόμων συγκεχωρήκεσαν· οὐ μὴν ὁ δυσσεβέστατός γε ταύτῃ ἐνδοῦναι προῄρητο, εἰ μὴ ὅτε πρὸς τῆς θείας συνελαθεὶς δίκης ὕστατόν γε ἄκων ἐπὶ τοῦτ’ ἤχθη.
AI English cleanup, gpt-5.4-mini, 2026-05-28
Thus verily, through the breaking of the bridge over the river, the passage across collapsed, and down went the boats all at once, men and all, into the deep; and first of all he himself, that most wicked of men, and then also the shield-bearers around him, as the divine oracles foretell, sank as lead in the mighty waters. So that suitably, if not in words, at least in deeds, like the followers of the great servant Moses, those who had won the victory by the help of God might in some sort hymn the very same words which were uttered against the wicked tyrant of old, and say: “Let us sing unto the Lord, for gloriously hath he been glorified: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea. The Lord is my strength and protector, he is become my salvation”; and “Who is like unto thee, O Lord, among the gods? who is like thee, glorified in saints, marvellous in praises, doing wonders?” These things, and such as are akin and similar to them, Constantine by his very deeds sang to God the Ruler of all and Author of the victory; then he entered Rome with hymns of triumph, and all the senators and other persons of great note, together with women and quite young children and all the Roman people, received him in a body with beaming countenances to their very heart as a ransomer, saviour, and benefactor, with praises and insatiable joy. But he, as one possessed of natural piety towards God, was by no means stirred by their shouts nor uplifted by their praises, for well he knew that his help was from God; and straightway he gave orders that a memorial of the Saviour should be set up in the hand of his own statue; and indeed when they set him in the most public place in Rome holding the Saviour's sign in his right hand, bade them engrave this very inscription in these words in the Latin tongue: “By this salutary sign, the true proof of bravery, I saved and delivered your city from the yoke of the tyrant; and moreover I freed and restored to their ancient fame and splendour both the senate and the people of the Romans.”